Pemphigus

Smith and Sherman p. 37

Pemphigus on the abdomen of a dog.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

thumb/0/06/Canine_pemphigus_foliaceus_3.jpg/

180px-Canine_pemphigus_foliaceus_3.jpg

Causative Agent: A very rare autoimmune disease.

Clinical Signs: Vesicles or blisters, pustules, crusts.  May be over the entire body or restricted to specific areas.  Diagnosis requires full-thickness skin biopsy.

Treatment: 1 mg /kg prednisone or prednisolone twice a day for 7-10 days, then every other morning at reduced dosages.  In young or non-responsive goats, Solganol, 1 mg. / kg once a week until results are seen, then once a month.

Prevention: none

Contagious To Humans: no

Contagious to Other Goats: no  

Links:

Peste des Petits Ruminants

(Summarized from Smith and Sherman Goat Medicine,      p. 24, 288-291. 

See also World Organization For Animals Health

http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/a_A050.htm

Causative Agent: Morbillivirus. Common in West Africa, Middle East, India and the Arabian Peninsula. Closely related to Rinderpest virus.

Clinical Signs:  Sudden rise in temperature.  Restlessness, dull coat, dry muzzle, no appetite.  Nose and swollen lips with mucous and pus coming out of sores.  Brown scabs form on lips and nose.  Eyes weeping and crusting at inner eye.  Bad breath from decaying sores in mouth.  There may be pneumonia and difficulty breathing.  Dehydration, severe weight loss, low body temperature and death within 5-10 days. Goats that survive may develop scabs on the lips that last about two weeks.  Differentiate between this disease and Contagious Ecthyma lesions, using information on p. 24 of the Smith/Sherman book.

90% of exposed goats will become ill, 50-80% of them will die. 

Treatment: none

Prevention: Quarantine of all positive cases. Rinderpest and PPR vaccine are both effective.

Contagious To Humans: Yes

Contagious to Other Goats: Yes. spread through direct contact with tears, discharge from the nose and mouth, and all bodily fluids of sick animals.  Incubation period is3 days.  

Links:

Recognizing Peste Des Petits Ruminants: A field manual  (FAO document)

(Excellent article with photographs of symptoms and post mortem findings)

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1703E/X1703E00.htm

Peste Des Petits Ruminants

http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/biosecurity/ag-biosec/anim-disease/ppr.html

Peste Des Petits Ruminants Power Point Slide Show

https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/ppt/PestedesPetitsRuminants.ppt

Peste Des Petits Ruminants Speakers Notes

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/notes/PestedesPetitsRuminants.pdf 

Peste Des Petits Ruminants   http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/a_A050.htm

Photosensitization   

(photo dermatitis)

Summarized from Smith and Sherman p. 35

Causative Agent: Toxins or liver disease cause superficial layers of light- colored skin to become sensitized to ultraviolet light.  NOT sunburn.

Clinical Signs:  Head, udder and vulva will be red, swollen and itch intensely.  Goat will avoid light, and will seek shade.  There may be difficulty breathing or swallowing.

Treatment: Laxatives might help to quickly remove toxins from the body if ingestion of toxin is recent.  Antihistamines and antibiotics may be given if skin is damaged.  

Prevention: If toxin is cause, remove toxin.

Contagious To Humans: no

Contagious to Other Goats: no

Links:

Pinkeye 

(Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis)  

(Summarized from Herd Health Management Practices For Goat Production.   Seyedmehdi Mobini, DVM, MS and Suzanne Gasparotto, Onion Creek Ranch.  http://www.tennesseemeatgoats.com/

articles2/pinkeyeingoats.html.  )

Causative Agent: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, others

Clinical Signs: Red, swollen, running eyes.  May have a hazy cornea in the corner or totally obscuring the eye.  Late cases may have a corneal ulcer (a sore) and the goat will have eyes closed due to pain.  If both eyes are involved, goat my not be able to find food.

Treatment: Remove goat from herd and isolate until completely gone.  Wearing gloves, apply Triple Antibiotic Opthalmic Ointment (Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc Opthalmic Ointment) to the eye.  

Procedure: Tether the goat.  Have someone hold the goat's head still.  Pull down the lower lid of the eye so it makes a little pocket, and deposit the ointment there.     

For severe cases: use Oxytetracycline 200 mg/ml at 5 cc IM per 100 pounds bodyweight (18 gauge needle) for five days.  Do not use cattle pink eye medicine.  Their pinkeye has a different cause (*5).

Prevention:  Isolate all new animals for 1 month after purchase.  Isolate any animals that have pink eye until completely cleared up.

Contagious To Humans: Yes. Wear gloves.

Contagious to Other Goats: Yes

Links:

Pinkeye  http://www.tennesseemeatgoats.com/articles2/pinkeyeingoats.html

Pinkeye http://www.goatworld.com/articles/pinkeye/pinkeye.shtml

Pinkeye http://www.goatworld.com/articles/pinkeye/pinkeyerw.shtml

Pleuropneumonia

Causative Agent:  Mycoplasma mycoides, subspecies capri. and Mycoplasma mycoides, subspecies mycoides Large Colony (LC) or caprine type  Incubation period 2-28 days.  Kids are infected through milk, and herd outbreaks are often caused by pooling colostrum and milk and not pasteurizing it. May also be spread through ear mites.

 Clinical Signs: High fever, cough, painful, difficult breathing, and lack of appetite.

Diagnosis: 

Mycoplasma mycoides LC, common in California, can be isolated from many internal organs and from joints and milk.   See more information at p. 257.

Mycoplasma mycoides, subspecies mycoides can be isolated on blood agar, with hemolysis by day 6 or 7, and "fried egg" appearing colonies..

"Biochemical characteristics and antisera can be used to differentiate between the Mycoplasmas causing Pleuropneumonia and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP).

Treatment: Pasteurize the milk before feeding it to kids. Tylosin (11 mg/kg strength), given IM for 5 days to 2 weeks is more rapidly effective than Oxytetracycline (15 mg./ kg).  Control ear mites with Ivermectin.

Prevention: Raise kids away from adults.  Pasteurize the kid's milk.  Burn or deeply bury placenta and stillborn kids.

Contagious To Humans:

 Contagious to Other Goats: Yes. Morbidity near 100%.  Mortality rates vary with the organisms, with less than 40% mortality in the LC type and close to 100% mortality in the M.m.capri type. .

Links:

Pneumonia, Pasteurella

Causative Agent: Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica.  

Clinical Signs: Fever of 104-106 degrees F (40-41.1 C), nasal and eye discharge, late of appetite, difficult breathing, painful cough, abnormal drowsiness.. 

Treatment: Penicillin (20,000-40,000 IU/kg once daily), Ampicillin (5-10 mg/kg twice daily), Tetracycline (5 mg/kg once or twice daily), and Tylosin (10-20 mg/kg once or twice daily.

Prevention: Avoid overcrowding, poor ventilation, parasitism and malnutrition.  These all contribute to the development of the disease. There should be no moisture collecting on barn walls and windows.  Isolate new goats from the herd for at least 2 weeks.

Contagious To Humans:

Contagious to Other Goats: Yes. Mortality 10% or more.

Links:

Pasteurella pneumonia  http://www.hunternutrition.com/artpasteurellosis.html

Polioencephalomalacia

(Thiamine Deficiency)

(Summarized from Seyedmehdi Mobini, DVM, MS, Herd Health management Practices For Goat Production.    and Haskell, Small Ruminant Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy at p.281.)  

Causative Agent: Thiamine deficiency or inhibition of thiamine activity.  Causes of deficiency: poor quality milk replacer, feeding horse feed (too much molasses), feeding moldy hay, weaning stress, deworming with Levamisol or Thiabendazole or overdosing of Amprolium, sudden feed changes, too much concentrate in diet.  May follow ruminal acidosis.

 Clinical Signs:  Early signs: depression, non-motile, splashy rumen, lack of appetite, diarrhea, and neurological problems (stargazing, circling, difficulty walking, blindness, twitchy eyes, crossed eyes,  excitability, elevation of head while standing, drowsiness, muscle tremors, occurring over a period of 1-7 days. Late symptoms: rigidity, laying down, convulsions.  If untreated, death in 24-72 hours after onset of neurological symptoms.  Usually occurs in goats 2 month to 3 yr. old.  Can come on quickly or slowly. 

Treatment: Early treatment: Thiamine hydrochloride 10-20 mg/kg IM or SQ 3-4 times for 24 hours.  Advanced case: IV fluid and possibly tranquilizers.  In chronic cases, supplement grain with thiamine 50-60 mg/goat/day or add brewer’s yeast to the diet.  Use Dexamethasone, Mannitol or Furosemide to reduce swelling.

Prevention: Increase forage and decrease supplement.  No mold.  No high molasses feed.  Make sure there is adequate forage intake before weaning. 

Contagious To Humans: No

 Contagious to Other Goats: Not contagious, but if group feeding, other goats may also come down with it simply because they are being fed the same way.

Links:

Pregnancy Toxemia  

Causative Agent: Overeating  or under eating. Any goat with a body score of less than 2 or greater than 4 will very likely get pregnancy toxemia, so prepare for it by having propylene glycol available. Occurs often with multiple births, and with malnourished goats.  Occurs in late gestation or early lactation.. 

Clinical Signs: Can smell ketones on the breath (smells like apple cider), and will have ketones in the urine which you can test for with diabetic ketone test strips..   Goat lays down away from other goats.  Eyes dull, depressed, legs swollen, rapid breathing, not eating, small dry feces, pneumonia, teeth grinding.  Progresses to blindness, loss of menace response, star gazing, jittery movements of the eyeball, tremors, coma and death. 

Treatment: For goats in advanced pregnancy, leg swelling in the hind limbs will resolve with delivery of the fetuses. (Smith, DVM, p. 71) For all other goats, give 60 cc of propylene glycol by mouth with a dosing syringe two or three times a day. (Smith DVM, p.  547) Do not overdose on propylene glycol or you can cause acidosis. (Langston Training, Nutrition.) You an use corn syrup in place of propylene glycol.,  May also treat with IV dextrose, B-vitamins.

Prevention: Avoid over feeding or underfeeding does.  Body condition score the goats in order to monitor weight and condition and adjust weight to maintain a BCS of 3. Improve quality of forage.  Does with triplets should be maintained on a higher plane of nutrition. (Haskell, Sm. Rum. Man. at 282)

Contagious To Humans: No

Contagious to Other Goats: No

Links:

Toxemia in Does and Ewes www.case-agworld.com/cAw.LU.ket.html

Smith, Mary and David Sherman. Goat Medicine, Pregnancy toxemia, p. 547.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1994

Pregnancy Toxemia ( in nutritional disorder section) http://www.luresext.edu/goats/training/nutrition.html

Q Fever

(Summarized from )

Causative Agent:

Clinical Signs:

Treatment:

Prevention:

Contagious To Humans:

Contagious to Other Goats: 

Links: